Three-dimensional assessments have used automation technologies and sophisticated algorithms, often to the cost of time-consumption, expensive equipment, and uneasy applicability to daily practice. Bidimensional techniques use photography or videography to measure distance between facial points at rest and during movement.
Objective quantitative facial assessments, using bidimensional and three-dimensional measurements, have often focused on one or very few facial muscles, omitting the rest of facial mobility. Among these, subjective clinical assessments comprise facial grading scales such as the House-Brackmann or Sunnybrook scales. In the management of peripheral facial paresis, a number of assessment methods have been proposed, initially by surgical teams and later also by rehabilitation physicians. Peripheral facial paresis following facial nerve injuries (traumatic, infectious, tumoral, autoimmune, and postneurosurgery) or conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia, and parkinsonian syndromes causes facial movement impairment that might be important to quantify for purposes of refined diagnosis or follow-up. Improved marker selection, training sessions, and testing reliability in patients with facial paresis may enhance reliability for orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, and orbicularis oris. Without formal prior training, the proposed method was reliable for frontalis in healthy subjects. Intrarater and interrater reliabilities were good to excellent for frontalis (PA and ICC > 70% CV < 15%), moderate for orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, and orbicularis oris, and poor for corrugator and buccinators. Interrater reliability was measured by PA, ICC, and coefficients of variation (CV) between assessments of the first video-recording by the three raters. For each muscle, intrarater reliability was measured by percent agreements (PA) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) between two assessments of the same video one week apart and between assessments of two videos collected one week apart. Each rater also analyzed the first video twice, one week apart. Three raters positioned facial markers on 10 healthy individuals and video-taped them during maximal bilateral contractions of frontalis, corrugator, orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus, orbicularis oris, and buccinator, on two occasions.
#Rotate kinovea software
We utilized the free video-analysis software Kinovea that can track preselected points during movements and measure two-point distances off-line. To design a bidimensional facial movement measuring tool and study its reliability.